UPSC CSE Prelims 2011
Jain philosophy asserts that the universe is uncreated and eternal, operating through its own inherent Universal Laws (or natural laws) rather than being created or sustained by a divine entity. The cosmos is composed of eternal, self-existing substances such as jiva (soul) and ajiva (non-soul), whose interactions and transformations are governed by these natural laws, including the principle of karma. This framework posits a self-regulating universe.
Option (2) Universal Truth: Jain philosophy, through its doctrine of Anekantavada (many-sidedness of reality), emphasizes the relativity and multiplicity of perspectives on truth. It rejects the notion of a single, absolute universal truth, positing that truth is perceived differently from various viewpoints.
Option (3) Universal Faith: Jainism is not primarily a faith-based doctrine but emphasizes rational understanding, ethical conduct, and direct experience for spiritual liberation. It encourages critical inquiry and personal realization over blind adherence to dogma.
Option (4) Universal Soul: Jainism believes in an infinite number of individual souls (jivas), each distinct and possessing its own unique characteristics. It explicitly rejects the concept of a single, all-encompassing universal soul or a cosmic consciousness that pervades and unites all beings, which is a feature of some other Indian philosophical schools.