UPSC CSE Prelims 2008
Norman Ernest Borlaug, an American agronomist and humanitarian, is widely recognized as the "Father of the Green Revolution." He was instrumental in developing high-yielding, disease-resistant dwarf wheat varieties, which significantly boosted food production globally. His work, particularly the introduction of these varieties to India in the 1960s and 1970s, played a crucial role in transforming the country's agricultural landscape and averting widespread famine. For his contributions to world peace through increased food supply, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1970.
The Green Revolution, while successful in achieving food security, has also led to critical re-evaluations concerning its long-term environmental and socio-economic impacts, such as groundwater depletion, soil degradation, and dependence on monoculture. Contemporary agricultural policy increasingly emphasizes a 'Second Green Revolution' or 'Evergreen Revolution,' focusing on sustainable practices, climate-resilient crops (including millets, as highlighted by the International Year of Millets 2023), and digital agriculture initiatives. M. S. Swaminathan, an Indian agricultural scientist, is credited with adapting Borlaug's research to Indian conditions and is often referred to as the "Father of the Green Revolution in India."
Mexico: While Borlaug conducted extensive research and development of his wheat varieties at the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) in Mexico, he was not a Mexican national. His research in Mexico was foundational to the Green Revolution's success.
Australia & New Zealand: These countries have no direct connection to Norman Borlaug's nationality or his primary work in initiating the Green Revolution in India.